London, School of Oriental and African Studies; and New Delhi, Heritage, 1990.
This study of the history and development of modern Hindi and Urdu looks at the composite ancestry of these sister languages in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and English.
The main section of the book consists of a series of sample passages in Urdu and Hindi; each passage represents a stage in the development of the language and has some
aspect of language itself as its primary focus. The book is now out of print, and the Hindi Urdu Flagship is glad to make it available in PDF format. We are grateful
to Professor Frances Pritchett of Columbia University for her help and support in this.
Click on titles within the table of contents below to view section details and download links. Each introductory section and text is available as an individual pdf. Alternatively, you can
download the entire book as a single PDF.
Prefatory Materials
| SOAS South Asian Texts |
iii |
| Preface |
v |
| Conventions |
xi |
| Abbreviations |
xii |
| Maps |
xv |
| Census statistics for Hindi and Urdu (1981) |
xvi |
INTRODUCTION
Part I: THE EVOLUTION OF HINDI AND URDU
1. The relationship between Hindi and Urdu
| The Indo-Aryan context |
2 |
| The impact of Muslim rule |
3 |
| Medieval Hindi |
4 |
| Classical Urdu |
5 |
2. The British Raj
| The impact of British rule |
6 |
| The heyday of Urdu |
8 |
| The rise of modern Hindi |
10 |
3. Before and after Independence
| The Urdu-Hindi-Hindustani debate |
12 |
| Hindi in India |
13 |
| Urdu in India and Pakistan |
15 |
4. The range of Hindi and Urdu
| Hindustani-Urdu-Hindi |
17 |
| The range of Urdu |
17 |
| The range of Hindi |
19 |
Part II: THE LINGUISTIC COMPONENTS OF HINDI AND URDU
5. The basic components of Hindi and Urdu
| Phonology |
24 |
| Hindi script and transcription |
26 |
| Urdu script and transcription |
27 |
| Hindi-Urdu contrasts |
27 |
| Lexicon |
28 |
| Indo-Aryan etymologies |
28 |
| Semantic range |
30 |
| Word formation |
31 |
| Compounds |
32 |
| Morphology |
32 |
| Pronouns |
32 |
| Parts of the verb |
33 |
| Syntax |
33 |
| Pre-modifiers |
34 |
| Indigenous resources |
34 |
6. The Sanskrit component
| Phonology and script |
36 |
| Sandhi |
37 |
| Guṇa and Vṛddhi |
38 |
| Lexicon |
39 |
| Prefixes |
39 |
| Suffixes |
41 |
| Vowel changes |
43 |
| Numerals |
43 |
| Compounds |
43 |
| Morphology |
44 |
| Gender |
45 |
| Adjectives |
45 |
| Pronouns |
45 |
| Syntax |
45 |
7. The Arabic component
| Phonology |
47 |
| Script |
48 |
| Lexicon |
49 |
| Derived verbal forms |
50 |
| Other derived forms |
51 |
| Morphology |
52 |
| Gender |
52 |
| Declension |
52 |
| Duals and sound plurals |
53 |
| Broken plurals |
54 |
| Adjectives |
56 |
| Syntax |
57 |
| Possessive phrases |
57 |
| Prepositional phrases |
58 |
| Arabic sentence structure |
59 |
8. The Persian component
| Phonology |
60 |
| Script |
61 |
| Lexicon |
62 |
| Prefixes |
62 |
| Suffixes |
63 |
| Verbal suffixes |
65 |
| Numerals |
67 |
| Compounds |
67 |
| Morphology |
68 |
| Nouns |
68 |
| Adjectives |
68 |
| Pronouns |
69 |
| Verbs |
69 |
| Syntax |
70 |
| Izafat phrases |
70 |
| Copular phrases |
70 |
| Prepositional phrases |
71 |
| Compound prepositions |
71 |
| Phrase-verbs |
72 |
| Sentence-structure |
72 |
9. The English component
| Phonology |
73 |
| Script |
75 |
| Lexicon |
75 |
| Word-building |
75 |
| Use of English loans |
75 |
| Calques from English |
76 |
| Morphology |
77 |
| Syntax |
77 |
|| THE TEXTS ||
| 1. (U) Mir Amman, Bāǧ o bahār (1801) |
85 |
| 2. (H) Insha Allah Khan, Rānī Ketkī kī kahānī (c. 1803) |
89 |
| 3. (U) Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Letter to Tufta (1862) |
93 |
| 4. (U) Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Musāfirān-e Landan (1869) |
97 |
| 5. (H) Bharatendu Harishchandra, Dillī darbār darpaṇ (1877) |
101 |
| 6. (U) Altaf Husain Hali, Muqaddimâ (1893) |
105 |
| 7. (H) Badrinarayan Chaudhri Premghan, Hamārī deś kī bhāṣā aur akṣar (1895) |
109 |
| 8. (H) Balmukund Gupta, Hindī meṅ ‘bindī’ (1900) |
113 |
| 9. (U) D.C. Phillott, Xẉāb o xayāl (1910) |
117 |
| 10. (U) Abdul Haq, Qavā‘id-e urdū (1914) |
121 |
| 11. (U) Abdul Halim Sharar, Guzaštâ Lakhnaū (c. 1920) |
125 |
| 12. (H) Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Kavi kartavya (1921/22) |
129 |
| 13. (U) Mirza Farhatullah Beg, Nazīr Ahmad kī kahānī (c. 1925) |
133 |
| 14. (U) Abul Kalam Azad, Tarjumān ul Qurān (1930) |
137 |
| 15. (H) Premchand, Urdū hindī aur hindustānī (1939) |
141 |
| 16. (H) M.K. Gandhi, Correspondence with P.D. Tandon (1945) |
145 |
| 17. (H) Ramchandra Varma, Acchī hindī (1946) |
149 |
| 18. (U) Sajjad Zaheer, Urdū hindī hindustānī (1947) |
153 |
| 19. (H) Rajendra Prasad, Ātmakathā (1947) |
157 |
| 20. (H) Rahul Sankrityayan, Merī jīvan-yātrā (1952) |
161 |
| 21. (H) Harivanshray Bachchan, Kyā bhūlūṅ kyā yād karūṅ? (1969) |
165 |
| 22. (U) Kausar Niyazi, Urdū zabān kī ahammiyat (1972) |
169 |
| 23. (H) Ramvilas Sharma, Nirālā kī sāhitya sādhanā (1972) |
173 |
| 24. (U) Ainul Haq Faridkoti, Urdū zabān kī qadīm tārīx (1972) |
177 |
